This report illustrates the different stages of development of the innovative and sustainable agro-industrial chain of the thistle, from the collection of agricultural waste materials on marginal or uncultivated lands to the production of chemical intermediates and bio-based products with specific applications in the bioplastics sector. Its main focus is the definition, and subsequent optimization, of the process scheme that leads to the production of II generation sugars (2GS) in a biorefinery fed by residual thistle biomass followed by the calculation of the environmental impact of the entire process. The strategic industrial importance of 2GSs lies in the possibility of being transformed, by fermentation, into bio-Butandiol (bio-BDO) to be used in the production of some types of bioplastics. First, the supply chain scheme was developed, divided into three main phases: the cultivation of the thistle, the transport of biomass to the biorefinery plant and the transformation of the lignocellulosic residue into 2GS. Subsequently, for each phase, the set of elementary operations necessary for their correct execution was identified and the flows of materials and energy in input and output were defined. In particular, for the biorefinery phase, the process layout was defined and the correct sizing of the plants was carried out considering a theoretical capacity of 60 ktons/year, compatible with the estimated potential of the local supply basins. Finally, mass and energy balances were built and, on the entire supply chain, a simplified environmental impact analysis was carried out by assessing the carbon footprint and the water footprint using an LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) approach. The obtained results, although affected by some conceptual limitations linked to some assumptions for some stages of transformation, have shown that the biorefinery production process of 2GS is selfsustaining concerning the thermal energy and that about 93% of the total electricity demand can be satisfied by the cogeneration unit of the plant. The overall contribution to greenhouse gas emissions from the production of 2GS is equal to 0.79 kgCO2eq per kg of sugars produced (kg2GS). The cultivation phase impacts for a value of 0.69 kgCO2eq/kg2GS. The transport phase, assuming a theoretical distance between the field and the plant equal to 100 km A/R (short chain hypothesis), contributes a value equal to 0.025 kgCO2eq/kg2GS. Lastly, the biorefinery phase accounts for a total of 0.076 kgCO2eq/kg2GS.
Questo rapporto illustra le diverse fasi di sviluppo della filiera agroindustriale innovativa e sostenibile del cardo, dal recupero delle materie agricole di scarto su terreni marginali o incolti alla produzione di intermedi chimici e prodotti bio-based con specifiche applicazioni nel settore delle bioplastiche. Il suo focus principale è la definizione, e successiva ottimizzazione, dello schema di processo che porta alla produzione di zuccheri di II generazione (Z2G) in una bioraffineria alimentata da biomassa residuale di cardo seguita dal calcolo dell’impatto ambientale dell’intero processo. L’importanza industriale strategica degli Z2G risiede nella possibilità di essere trasformati, per via fermentativa, in bio-Butandiolo (bio-BDO) da impiegare nella produzione di alcune tipologie di bioplastiche. In primis, è stato sviluppato lo schema di filiera, suddiviso in tre fasi principali: la coltivazione del cardo, il trasporto della biomassa all’impianto di bioraffineria e la trasformazione del residuo lignocellulosico in Z2G. Successivamente, per ciascuna fase è stato individuato l’insieme delle operazioni elementari necessarie alla loro corretta esecuzione e sono stati definiti i flussi di materiali ed energia in ingresso ed in uscita. In particolare, per la fase di bioraffineria, è stato definito il layout di processo ed eseguito il corretto dimensionamento degli impianti considerando una capacità teorica pari a 60 kton/anno, compatibile con le potenzialità stimate dei bacini di approvvigionamento locali. Infine, sono stati costruiti i bilanci di materia ed energia e, sull’intera filiera è stata condotta un’analisi semplificata dell’impatto ambientale attraverso la valutazione dell’impronta di carbonio (carbon footprint) e dell’impronta idrica (water footprint) utilizzando un approccio di tipo LCA (Life Cycle Assessment). I risultati ottenuti, seppur affetti da alcune limitazioni concettuali legate ad alcune assunzioni per alcuni stadi di trasformazione, hanno evidenziato che, per quanto riguarda i processi di bioraffineria, la produzione di Z2G si autosostiene dal punto di vista dell’energia termica mentre circa il 93% della domanda totale di energia elettrica può essere soddisfatta dall’unità di cogenerazione. Il contributo complessivo alle emissioni di gas serra dato dalla produzione di Z2G da cardo è pari a 0,79 kgCO2eq per kg di zuccheri prodotti (kgZ2G). La fase di coltivazione impatta per un valore pari a 0,69 kgCO2eq/kgZ2G. La fase di trasporto, ipotizzando una distanza teorica tra il campo e l’impianto pari a 100 km A/R (ipotesi di filiera corta), contribuisce per un valore pari a 0,025 kgCO2eq/kgZ2G. Da ultima, la fase di bioraffineria incide complessivamente per un valore pari a 0,076 kgCO2eq/kgZ2G.
Produzione di zuccheri da biomassa residuale in una bioraffineria alimentata da cardo. Bilanci da massa e di energia e valutazione delle impronte ambientali
Fatta, V.;Petrone, M.T.;De Bari, I.;Stoppiello, G.
2019-08-01
Abstract
This report illustrates the different stages of development of the innovative and sustainable agro-industrial chain of the thistle, from the collection of agricultural waste materials on marginal or uncultivated lands to the production of chemical intermediates and bio-based products with specific applications in the bioplastics sector. Its main focus is the definition, and subsequent optimization, of the process scheme that leads to the production of II generation sugars (2GS) in a biorefinery fed by residual thistle biomass followed by the calculation of the environmental impact of the entire process. The strategic industrial importance of 2GSs lies in the possibility of being transformed, by fermentation, into bio-Butandiol (bio-BDO) to be used in the production of some types of bioplastics. First, the supply chain scheme was developed, divided into three main phases: the cultivation of the thistle, the transport of biomass to the biorefinery plant and the transformation of the lignocellulosic residue into 2GS. Subsequently, for each phase, the set of elementary operations necessary for their correct execution was identified and the flows of materials and energy in input and output were defined. In particular, for the biorefinery phase, the process layout was defined and the correct sizing of the plants was carried out considering a theoretical capacity of 60 ktons/year, compatible with the estimated potential of the local supply basins. Finally, mass and energy balances were built and, on the entire supply chain, a simplified environmental impact analysis was carried out by assessing the carbon footprint and the water footprint using an LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) approach. The obtained results, although affected by some conceptual limitations linked to some assumptions for some stages of transformation, have shown that the biorefinery production process of 2GS is selfsustaining concerning the thermal energy and that about 93% of the total electricity demand can be satisfied by the cogeneration unit of the plant. The overall contribution to greenhouse gas emissions from the production of 2GS is equal to 0.79 kgCO2eq per kg of sugars produced (kg2GS). The cultivation phase impacts for a value of 0.69 kgCO2eq/kg2GS. The transport phase, assuming a theoretical distance between the field and the plant equal to 100 km A/R (short chain hypothesis), contributes a value equal to 0.025 kgCO2eq/kg2GS. Lastly, the biorefinery phase accounts for a total of 0.076 kgCO2eq/kg2GS.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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