Corrosion on cultural heritage buildings in Jordan in current situation and in future climate scenarios

This study examines the impact of air pollution on Jordan’s cultural heritage sites, focusing on key pollutants (SO2, HNO3, O3, PM10) and climate conditions. Using 2019 data and future projections for 2040–2059 and 2080–2099, the research reveals significant material corrosion in urban areas like Amman and Irbid, driven by pollutants such as SO₂ and PM10. Random Forest Analysis identifies these pollutants as primary contributors to material degradation. Future scenarios indicate corrosion rates exceeding safe limits across Jordan, underscoring the need for proactive conservation strategies. This work highlights the critical role of air quality management in protecting cultural heritage, especially under climate change pressures, and provides guidance for national policy development.