Composition and Injection Angle Effects on Combustion of an NH3/H2/N2 Jet in an Air Crossflow

This study explores the combined effects of fuel composition and injection angle on the combustion behavior of an (Formula presented.) jet in an air crossflow by means of high-fidelity Large Eddy Simulations (LESs). Four distinct fuel mixtures derived from ammonia partial decomposition, with hydrogen concentrations ranging from 15% to 60% by volume, are injected at angles of 90 (Formula presented.) and 75 (Formula presented.) relative to the crossflow, and at operating conditions frequently encountered in micro-gas turbines. The influence of strain on peak flame temperature and NO formation in non-premixed, counter-flow laminar flames is first examined. Then, the instantaneous flow features of each configuration are analyzed focusing on key turbulent structures, and time-averaged spatial distributions of temperature and NO in the reacting region are provided. In addition, statistical analysis on the formation pathways of NO and (Formula presented.) is performed, revealing unexpected trends: in particular, the lowest hydrogen content flame yields higher temperatures and NO production due to the enhancement of the ammonia-to-hydrogen conversion chemical mechanism, thus promoting flame stability. As the hydrogen concentration increases, this conversion decreases, leading to lower NO emissions and unburned fuel, particularly at the 75 (Formula presented.) injection angle. Flames with a 90 (Formula presented.) injection angle exhibit a more pronounced high-temperature recirculation zone, further driving NO production compared with the 75 (Formula presented.) cases. These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing ammonia–hydrogen fuel blends for high-efficiency, low-emission combustion in gas turbines and other applications, highlighting the need for a careful balance between fuel composition and injection angle.