Chorus Wave–Driven Electron Dynamics in the Van Allen Belts: From Coherence to Diffusion

The Van Allen radiation belts contain relativistic electrons trapped by Earth's magnetic field, posing serious risks to spacecraft. Chorus waves are known to accelerate these electrons via resonant interactions, but these interactions are inherently nonlinear and coherent. How such processes shape large-scale electron dynamics remains unresolved. Two competing paradigms, nonlinear advection and diffusive transport, have been debated for decades. Here, we address this controversy using large-scale first-principles simulations that self-consistently generate realistic chorus wave fields, coupled with test particle modeling. We find that electron motion is coherent on short timescales—comparable to or less than a bounce period—but becomes stochastic over longer timescales due to decorrelation. The resulting transport coefficients support the use of quasilinear diffusion theory for long-term evolution. This work bridges microscopic nonlinear physics with macroscopic modeling frameworks, offering a unified explanation of radiation belt dynamics and advancing the foundation for space weather forecasting.